Information Bias (epidemiology), Information Bias
Information bias may refer to: *Information bias (epidemiology), bias arising in a clinical study because of misclassification of the level of exposure to the agent or factor being assessed and/or misclassification of the disease or other outcome itself. *Information bias (psychology), a type of cognitive bias, involving e.g. distorted evaluation of information. See also *Shared information bias Shared information bias (also known as the collective information sampling bias, or common-information bias) is known as the tendency for group members to spend more time and energy discussing information that all members are already familiar with ...

Information Bias (epidemiology)
In epidemiology, information bias refers to bias arising from measurement error. Information bias is also referred to as observational bias and misclassification. ''A Dictionary of Epidemiology'', sponsored by the International Epidemiological Association, defines this as the following: "1. A flaw in measuring exposure, covariate, or outcome variables that results in different quality (accuracy) of information between comparison groups. The occurrence of information biases may not be independent of the occurrence of selection biases. 2. Bias in an estimate arising from measurement errors." Misclassification Misclassification thus refers to measurement error. There are two types of misclassification in epidemiological research: non-differential misclassification and differential misclassification. Nondifferential misclassification Nondifferential misclassification is when all classes, groups, or categories of a variable (whether exposure, outcome, or covariate) have the same e ...
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Information Bias (psychology)
Information bias is a cognitive bias to seek information when it does not affect action. People can often make better predictions or choices with less information: more information is not always better. An example of information bias is believing that the more information that can be acquired to make a decision, the better, even if that extra information is irrelevant for the decision. Example In an experiment , subjects considered this diagnostic problem involving fictitious diseases: A female patient is presenting symptoms and a history which both suggest a diagnosis of globoma, with about 80% probability. If it isn't globoma, it's either popitis or flapemia. Each disease has its own treatment which is ineffective against the other two diseases. A test called the ET scan would certainly yield a positive result if the patient had popitis, and a negative result if she has flapemia. If the patient has globoma, a positive and negative result are equally likely. If the ET scan was ...
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Cognitive Bias
A cognitive bias is a systematic pattern of deviation from norm (philosophy), norm or rationality in judgment. Individuals create their own "subjective reality" from their perception of the input. An individual's construction of reality, not the Objectivity (philosophy), objective input, may dictate their behavior in the world. Thus, cognitive biases may sometimes lead to perceptual distortion, inaccurate judgment, illogical interpretation, or what is broadly called irrationality. Although it may seem like such misperceptions would be aberrations, biases can help humans find commonalities and shortcuts to assist in the navigation of common situations in life. Some cognitive biases are presumably adaptive. Cognitive biases may lead to more effective actions in a given context. Furthermore, allowing cognitive biases enables faster decisions which can be desirable when timeliness is more valuable than accuracy, as illustrated in heuristics in judgment and decision-making, heuristic ...
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